Self-Powered AlGaN/GaN HEMT-Based Sensor Integrated with Rotational TENG for Comprehensive Water Quality Analysis

High-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) are recognized for their high electron mobility, exceptional sensitivity and linear response, making them ideal for precise sensing applications. This study introduces a novel, self-powered monitoring system that integrates a rotating triboelectric nanogenerator (R-TENG) with an AlGaN/GaN HEMT sensor for detecting pH levels, heavy metals (Cr6+, As3+, Pb2+), pesticides (chlorpyrifos) and microplastics (polystyrene) under aquatic conditions. The encapsulated device constructed with acrylic layers and magnetic coupling, operates reliably underwater, achieving a 75V output at 7 μA at 100rpm. Demonstrating high pH sensitivity (-13.93mA/pH) with strong linearity (R2 = 0.98), the HEMT sensor effectively detects pollutants at trace levels, distinguishing concentrations down to nanomolar ranges. Operating at a peak power of 76.64 μW and switching frequency of 60Hz, this innovative system facilitates continuous, long-term environmental monitoring, harnessing water wave energy to enable sustainable pollutant detection in remote or harsh aquatic environments. [Display omitted] •Integrated R-TENG as a continuous power source for HEMT-based environmental sensors.•Developed a self-powered AlGaN/GaN HEMT sensor for multi-pollutant detection in water.•Achieved high sensitivity in pH monitoring with a response rate of 13.93mA/pH and R2 = 0.98.•The system detects pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides, and microplastics down to trace concentrations.•The system effectively detects heavy metals such as Cr6+, As3+ and Pb2+ at nanomolar concentrations.•Potentially revolutionizes continuous, real-time water quality monitoring in diverse conditions.