3D-printed conducting polymer hydrogel-based DC generator for self-powered electromechanical sensing

Self-powered electromechanical sensing has gained considerable attention for its potential to transform diverse applications, such as wearable electronics, robotics, artificial intelligence, and environmental monitoring. One promising technology emerging in this field is additive manufacturing of conductive hydrogels as elementary component for energy harvesting/storage, enabling robust, flexible, and biocompatible sensor devices. In this study, we demonstrate a continuous 3D printed conductive hydrogel-based energy harvesting device with triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) architecture. Leveraging the feature of direct-current (DC) energy generation upon mechanical stimulation, the device is capable of self-powered sensing operations. The DC energy generation mechanisms are discussed with the consideration of multiple physiochemical factors. Notably, the printed 3D architected conductive hydrogel (3D-ACH) exhibits robust mechanical properties, providing high flexibility with over 50% compressive strain. Additionally, we explore its performance as a pressure/strain sensor to achieve self-powered sensing capabilities. The combination of 3D-printed conductive hydrogels and energy generation capabilities represents a promising approach towards achieving self-powered sensing capabilities. [Display omitted] •Fast ultrafine resolution 3D printing of conductive hydrogel enables complex architectures with high flexibility and conductivity.•Studied energy harvesting of printed hydrogel under force-dependent tapping; demonstrated flexibility via compression and analysis.•Mechanical testing and finite element analysis showcased the robustness of the architected conductive hydrogel.•Proposed DC energy generation mechanisms: dynamic Schottky DC, electrochemical effects, ionic-electronic conduction.•Application: pressure sensing, coupling with artificial arthrosis for electrical stimulation in tissue regeneration.