Effect of Electrolyte Temperature and Anodization Time on Formation of TiO2 Nanotubes for Biomedical Applications

[Display omitted] •Anodization of different Ti alloys; CP Ti, Ti-6Al-4 V, Ti-6Al-7Nb, Ti-13Nb-13Zr, Beta-21S•Effect of time and electrolyte temperature (5 °C to 70 °C) on nanostructures•Self-organized TiO2 nanotube arrays by anodic oxidation of different titanium alloys•Pore diameter and a wall thickness of nanotube arrays controlled by time and temperature•Field-assisted oxidation of Ti and chemical engraving controlled by the temperature & time We have investigated the formation of self-organized titanium oxide nanotube layers by anodic oxidation on titanium alloys in electrolyte solutions with different temperatures (5, 10, 25, 30, 50 and 70 °C). Pore diameter and the wall thickness of nanotube arrays were controlled by varying anodization time and temperature. We have observed significant outcomes in the formation of TiO2 nanotube arrays at 25 °C with an average inner pore diameter of 125 nm, length of ∼250 nm, the wall thickness of 30 nm and an inter-tube space 35 nm. Nanotube arrays were smooth and circular without any defect in morphology. In addition, anodization of Commercially Pure Titanium (CP Ti) and titanium alloys (Ti-6Al-4 V, Ti-6Al-7Nb, Ti-13Nb-13Zr, and β-21 s) was carried out at optimized parameter to understand their significance on TiO2 nanotube arrays formation.