Artificial methods for the remineralization of hydroxyapatite in enamel

Enamel does not contain living cells and thus is susceptible to damage that cannot be repaired by the human body. Artificial regeneration of these structures is theorized, but no widespread treatment of dental caries lesions has been developed. This review is an analysis of relevant techniques for the mineralization of hydroxyapatite (HAP) in enamel. Fluoride, amelogenin and its derivatives, peptide and amino acid treatments, surfactant and biogel templates, and direct crystal formation have been used with varying degrees of success to regenerate HAP structures. These methods are qualified by their ability to replicate HAP crystallites with enamel-like properties and of their possible application to clinical treatment.