Fouling behavior and mechanism of hydrophilic modified membrane in anammox membrane bioreactor: Role of gel layer

Membrane hydrophilic modification has been applied as an effective antifouling strategy for aerobic and anaerobic heterotrophic membrane bioreactors (MBRs), while its antifouling performance remains unclear for anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) MBR. Herein, hydrophilic membranes (Mh) modified from pristine nylon fabric meshes (Mp, pore size of 20 μm), were applied in long-term operation of an anammox MBR. Although the average flux of Mh was 90.7% higher than that of Mp (p