Promotion on Raw264.7 by micro-area potential difference (MAPD) on titanium alloy

•Ti-10 wt%M (M = Zr, Ta, Mo) alloys with different surface MAPDs were prepared by powder metallurgy.•MAPD significantly promoted the transformation of macrophage phenotype into M2 state.•Excessive MAPD leads to a significant increase in ROS levels, inhibits the RNA expression of anti-inflammatory factors. This study examined macrophage morphology, ROS levels, and the RNA expression of inflammatory factors on Ti-M (M = Zr, Ta, Mo) alloy surfaces with varying surface micro-area potential difference (MAPD). Results have shown that MAPD modulated the inflammatory response by affecting macrophage polarization, reducing the RNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, increasing the RNA expression of anti-inflammatory ones, and promoting a shift towards the M2 macrophage state. However, overhigh MAPD levels raised ROS and worsen inflammation.