Intangible maritime heritage protection in Malaysia: The need for a revision of the National Heritage Act of 2005

Malaysia, as a coastal nation, has an array of maritime cultural heritage artifacts, some of which are submerged beneath the water's surface. Despite the country's previous efforts in developing a variety of rules and regulations over the last few decades, as well as its adherence to many UNESCO accords, conventions, and treaties, several maritime heritage sites have been damaged or destroyed as a result of illegal activities, jeopardizing the preservation of this prosperous historical legacy. Malaysia should explore strengthening its existing measures and implementing specialized protective legislation and regulations to safeguard its underwater history. Moreover, it is imperative for Malaysia to undertake a comprehensive evaluation of its domestic laws pertaining to the implementation of legislation against unlawful actions. This is essential for preserving public order and ensuring adherence to the principles of justice, which are at risk of compromising its maritime heritage. As a result, Malaysia must revise its National Heritage Act of 2005 to incorporate strategies aimed at protecting its underwater history. To ensure the safeguarding of the maritime legacy for future generations, a combination of domestic efforts and cooperation at both regional and international levels is mandatory.