The human dimension dilemma in marine spatial planning

Scholars have criticised the practice of marine spatial planning because of its shortcomings in engaging the human dimension. However, working with social issues causes various planning dilemmas. This study develops a framework for understanding this problem through intervention, regulatory, and investment dilemmas. We argue that there is a link between these three dilemmas and how marine spatial planners work on the human dimension issue. This research conducted a case study of Karimunjawa National Park, Indonesia to provide empirical evidence for this argument. The article concludes that the planning dilemmas framework can help explain the application of the human dimension in marine spatial planning. The study further demonstrates that demands for the depth of democracy in decision-making, the equitable distribution of benefits, and recognition in planning will face a vicious cycle because of institutional mandates to intervene in land use for specific purposes as well as planners' limited power over other stakeholders.