Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of mudstones from the Lower Cretaceous Prosopis Formation in the Bongor basin, Chad: Implications for provenance, paleoenvironment and organic matter enrichment

The Cretaceous greenhouse represents the largest global warming event since the Phanerozoic, significantly affecting the provenance, weathering, regional climate, and paleoenvironment of lake basins globally. During the period of global warming, the control of regional paleoenvironment over organic matter enrichment is still unclear. The Lower Cretaceous Prosopis Formation in the Bongor Basin features thick lacustrine organic-rich mudstones as major effective hydrocarbon source rocks with excellent hydrocarbon potential in the basin. However, the provenance, paleoclimate, paleoenvironment and mechanism of organic matter accumulation in this location have not yet been systematically studied. In this study, 22 dark gray mudstone samples were collected from three cored wells. Clay mineralogy, along with organic and inorganic elemental geochemical analyses were jointly carried out to determine the characteristics of the provenance, paleoclimate and paleoenvironment as well as the major controlling factors for organic matter enrichment. The results imply that the Prosopis Formation mudstones are mainly composed of clay minerals such as illite, kaolinite, chlorite, and illite/smectite mixed layers (I/S). Organic geochemistry indicated that all the studied mudstones reached the standard of good to excellent source rocks (the total organic carbon content ranged from 1.27% to 7.41%). Inorganic elemental geochemistry is characterized by high enrichment of Fe, Mg, P, Mn, Ti, Na, Ca, V, Co, Cu, Sr, Ba and B relative to UCC and PAAS, whereas rare earth elements (REEs) show enrichment of light rare earth elements (LREEs) and a deficiency of heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) relative to chondrite. The source composition of the mudstones is predominantly intermediate-felsic igneous rocks that have not undergone sediment recycling. The parent rocks experienced weak to moderate weathering, corresponding to semiarid paleoclimatic conditions of transitional nature. The organic-rich mudstones were deposited in fresh to brackish waters with paleoredox conditions ranging from weakly oxic to anoxic semi-deep to deep lake environments having relatively low initial productivity. Comprehensive study indicates that paleoredox and paleoclimate are important parameters affecting the enrichment of organic matter in lake basins during global warming. The aridification of climate is one of the most important reasons for the high input and efficient preservation of organic matter. The rela