Impacts of anthropocene sea-level rise on people, environments, and archaeological sites in Marajó Island, Brazilian Amazonia

Coastal marine systems worldwide present several risks through the global sea-level rise (SLR) trends. The Amazon Delta and Estuary (ADE) in Pará state, Brazil, is a mainland archipelago with variable landscapes and vulnerable archaeological sites in the context of global climate change. We aimed to recognize the human and environmental conditions knowledge for support directives to mitigate possible consequences of climate change in the lower Amazonia drainage basin system, in support of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations. We map landscapes, estimated floodable areas of 2, 3, and 6 m of SLR using DSAS 5.0 (Digital Shoreline Analysis System), investigated coastline morphology changes between 1973 and 2019 (46 years), sampled soils at East Marajó Island, and suggested mitigation actions. The results indicate that several environments and archaeological sites are at heavy risk in front of climate change, mainly in the lowlands most submitted to the waterlogging process. Mangrove revealed several SLR effects with aggressive erosion at the coastline. The results provide spatial information regarding important aspects of SLR impacts in the ADE and its environmental, people, and archaeological fragilities. •Climate change and the global sea-level rise (SLR) impacts on Marajó Island.•Erosion trends on mangrove and geomorphological dynamics associated.•The geographical approach of social-environment dynamics in front of global sea-level rise (SLR).•Soil and land use through spatial time in Marajó Island, Brazilian Amazonia.