Organics-free aqueous hybrid electrolyte for high-performance zinc ion hybrid capacitors operating at low temperature

Aqueous zinc ion chemistry is the hot topic of new energy storage technologies nowadays for its high intrinsic safety as well as its advantages in terms of environmental protection and price. However, the freezing of water at low temperatures limits the practical application to a broad range of temperatures. Herein, in view of the disturbing effect of Mg(ClO4)2 on hydrogen bond of water molecules, a novel anti-freezing electrolyte (0.4 m ZnSO4 + 2.7 m Mg(ClO4)2) is developed, which features ultra-low freezing point (