Single-flow multiphase flow batteries: Experiments

The share of electricity generated from renewable sources is growing rapidly, and thus grid-scale battery storage is becoming more prevalent. Aqueous redox flow batteries have the potential to provide safe and scalable energy storage, but the high cost of storage, particularly the membrane and balance of plant costs, has inhibited commercialization. The recently developed single-flow battery leveraging a multiphase electrolyte promises a low-cost system, as it is membraneless and uses only one tank and flow loop, but suffers from low Coulombic efficiency. To unlock the potential of such a system, the interplay between interphase mass transport, multiphase flow phenomena, and battery performance must be unraveled. Here, we compare our previously developed theoretical battery model derived from a boundary layer analysis to results from a dedicated experimental program. This led to several key findings, including that our battery operates in a regime characterized by a high Stanton number, and that our analytical solutions led to excellent predictions in various operational regimes when using the interphase mass transport coefficient as a single-valued fitting parameter. In other regimes, such as at low electrolyte velocity, results indicate that gravity acting on the denser polybromide phase played a significant role, and thus gravitational effects should be incorporated in future models. •A single-flow battery with an emulsive electrolyte flow.•Experiments show our battery theory holds in certain operational regimes.•In other regimes, gravity plays an important role.