Selective activation of language specific structural representations: Evidence from extended picture-word interference

•We tested English monolinguals, Korean-immersed, and English-immersed bilinguals.•We measured articulation times with an extended picture-word interference paradigm.•English monolinguals and Korean-immersed bilinguals plan their speech differently.•English-immersed bilinguals plan English and Korean language selectively.•Word order restricts access of syntactic representations in bilinguals. How do bilingual speakers represent and use information that guides the assembly of the words into phrases and sentences (i.e., sentence structures) for languages that have different word orders? Cross-language syntactic priming effects provide mixed evidence on whether bilinguals access sentence structures from both languages even when speaking just one. Here, we compared English monolinguals, Korean-immersed Korean-English bilinguals, and English-immersed Korean-English bilinguals while they produced noun phrases (“the lemon below the lobster”), which have different word orders in English and Korean (the Korean translation word order is [lobster][below][lemon]). We examined when speakers plan each noun using an extended picture-word interference paradigm, by measuring articulation times for each word in the phrase with either the distractor word “apple” (which slows the planning of “lemon”) or “crab” (which slows the planning of “lobster”). Results suggest that for phrases that are different in linear word order across languages, bilinguals only access the sentence structure of the one language they are actively speaking at the time, even when switching languages between trials.