Exposure to copper oxide nanoparticles triggers oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress induced toxicology and apoptosis in male rat liver and BRL-3A cell

[Display omitted] •Nano-CuO can be transported to rat liver and cause hepatotoxicity.•Nano-CuO caused histopathological damage and apoptosis in rat liver.•Nano-CuO induced oxidative stress and inflammatory response in rat liver.•Nano-CuO caused cytotoxicity and apoptosis in BRL-3A cells.•Nano-CuO activated ERS-mediated CHOP, JNK, and Caspase-12 apoptosis pathways. Copper oxide nanoparticles (Nano-CuO) toxicity has been researched widely in recent years. However, the relationship between oxidative stress and ER-stress and the possible mechanisms induced by Nano-CuO have been rarely studied. Here, the mechanism of hepatotoxicity and apoptosis through oxidative stress and ER-stress induced by Nano-CuO was investigated in vivo and in vitro. In in vivo experiments, male Wistar rats were intranasally instilled 10 μg Nano-CuO/g body weight daily for 60 days, which caused liver function impairment, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, histopathological and ultrastructural damage, ER-stress and apoptosis in liver tissue. in vitro experiments on rat hepatocytes BRL-3A cells showed that exposure to Nano-CuO for 24 h resulted in excess production of reactive oxygen species leading to decrease in mitochondria membrane potential causing cell death by inducing apoptosis. However, administration of n-acetyl cysteine decreased the apoptosis in Nano-cuo treated group. The in vivo and in vitro experiments confirmed that oxidative stress triggered ER-stress pathway, leading to the opening of apoptosis pathways of CHOP, JNK, and Caspase-12. In summary, treatment of Nano Cuo triggered oxidative stress by ROS, which in turn resulted in activation of ER stress pathways causing cell death in liver tissue and BRL-3A cells.