Lake Superior fish community and fisheries, 2001–2022: An era of stability

Lake Superior is the least anthropogenically impacted of the Laurentian Great Lakes ecosystems, yet dramatic changes to the fish community are evident. Previous published works chronicled those changes and the efforts to rehabilitate the fish community through the year 2000. Here, we review through the year 2022, where post-rehabilitation stability was driven by lean lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush namaycush) as the most abundant piscivore in nearshore waters, siscowet lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush siscowet) as the most abundant piscivore in offshore waters, and a healthy, intact assemblage of native prey species, which created ecological redundancies and helped stabilize the food web. Stocking of non-native salmonines was reduced 74%, and populations of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were maintained through natural reproduction. Despite reduced stocking, yield from recreational fisheries was stable. Likewise, developments in population modeling led to evaluations and refinement of management strategies that helped create stability for lake trout, lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), and cisco (Coregonus artedi) fisheries. With lake trout rehabilitation achieved, focus shifted toward rehabilitation of native brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens), and walleye (Sander vitreus). Despite continued control efforts, sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) abundance increased considerably, and estimates of fish killed by lampreys averaged 2.65 million kg annually. Environmental changes have benefited sea lampreys and fostered thermal habitats more suitable to non-native organisms, posing new challenges for managers and researchers. Nevertheless, the post-rehabilitation stability in the contemporary fish community will help provide resilience to future perturbations in the ecosystem.