Energy efficiency in electrocoagulation processes for sustainable water and wastewater treatment

This review discusses recent advancements in electrocoagulation (EC) technology for water and wastewater treatment, focusing on optimizing energy efficiency for sustainability. The review highlights key improvements in reactor design and electrode arrangement, leading to decreased energy usage and enhanced pollutant removal efficiency. Cutting-edge technologies are explored, including continuous flow single-channel (CFSC) reactors, perforated electrodes, packed bed EC, and air-breathing cathode, demonstrating improved efficiency and reduced energy consumption. An analysis is conducted to assess the effectiveness of various strategies, such as electrode cleaning and alternating current (AC) or pulse current (APC), in reducing fouling and enhancing efficiency by mitigating passivation effects. Additionally, the potential of incorporating hydrogen (H2) recovery into EC systems is discussed to improve wastewater treatment and energy generation, thereby enhancing economic and environmental sustainability. The review also considers the integration of EC with renewable energy sources like solar and wind power, which provides a sustainable and energy-efficient solution. However, the intermittency of renewable energy sources and the upfront expenses associated with their integration are challenges that must be addressed. This comprehensive review underscores the importance of continuous innovation and optimization in EC technology to achieve greater sustainability and efficiency in water and wastewater treatment. By leveraging advanced reactor designs, innovative electrode arrangements, and renewable energy integration, EC technology can significantly contribute to more sustainable and efficient water management practices, addressing both environmental and economic challenges in the process. [Display omitted] •Advanced electrocoagulation developed for sustainable water treatment.•Optimized energy use and pollutant removal in EC processes.•Introduced innovative reactor and electrode designs for higher efficiency.•Implemented strategies to reduce fouling and passivation in EC systems.•Integration with renewables energy for eco-friendly solutions.