Pesticides in aquatic environment: Occurrence, ecological implications and legal framework

The extensive use of pesticides in agriculture, driven by the demand to increase food production for a growing global population, has led to significant environmental contamination. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the occurrence, ecological implications, through Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) using the Risk Quotient (RQ), and regulations of pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides) in aquatic environments. It also assesses the bioaccumulation potential of these compounds by comparing their Log Kow values with international regulatory limits. Literature data reveal 485 occurrences of pesticides in surface water., with 42 % attributable to insecticides, 35 % to herbicides, and 23 % to fungicides. Of these, 112 pesticides have been identified as posing a significant environmental risk. Additionally, 63 pesticides have been identified in various countries, presenting high environmental risks and still lacking limits or restrictions on their use and presence in water. Furthermore, 49 pesticides are regulated in specific regions or countries but pose high risks elsewhere, highlighting the need for broader regulatory measures. The review advocates for the adoption of green pesticides and advanced water treatment methods to mitigate the environmental impact of pesticide contamination. [Display omitted] •Herbicides, fungicides and insecticides are present in surface and groundwaters worldwide.•Pesticides assessed in surface and groundwater poses high acute or chronic environmental risks.•Various pesticides have high bioaccumulation potential.•Prioritizing environmentally safer pesticides is crucial.