A technical review on the adaptability of mainstream partial nitrification and anammox: Substrate management and aeration control in cold weather

High energy consumption, operational costs, greenhouse gas emissions, excessive external COD, and waste-activated sludge production have become significant concerns for municipal wastewater treatment. Autotrophic nitrogen removal is a hotspot of wastewater treatment research because of lowering costs and environmental footprints of existing plants. This review paper strongly supports the feasibility of municipal wastewater treatment with partial nitrification/anammox (PN/AMX), known as mainstream autotrophic deammonification. To date, its feasibility for treating sewage in temperate climates to reach high-rate nitrogen removal and standard effluent quality has not yet been widely confirmed at full-scale plants. Strategies given in the study shed light on the possible way to towered sustainable municipal wastewater reclamation. This review discusses the acclimatization of bacteria to low temperatures (