Clean-label breadmaking: Size exclusion HPLC analysis of proteins in dough supplemented with additives vs hard red spring wheat flour

Currently, there is a challenge for clean-label bread formulations to find replacements for dough improvers. For pan bread traditionally made from hard winter wheat, the addition of hard spring wheat flour may be an option to replace some dough improvers. Protein composition and properties of hard red spring wheat dough that would improve the quality of winter wheat dough for the purpose of replacing dough improvers need to be investigated. Therefore, this research aimed to compare molecular weight distribution (MWD) of unreduced proteins in dough samples that were made of a base hard red winter wheat flour supplemented with hard red spring (HRS) wheat flour or common additives such as potassium bromate, azodicarbonamide, ascorbic acid, sodium stearoyl lactylate, vital wheat gluten, non-fat dry milk, and others. The incorporation of the artificial additives significantly (p