The Vromindolines of cv. Hayden oat (Avena sativa L.) – A review of the Poeae and Triticeae indolines and a suggested system for harmonization of nomenclature

The Indolines of the Poeae and Triticeae are economically important as they control seed hardness (endosperm texture) in wheat and other cereals. Here an in silico analysis of Indolines was performed at the nucleotide and protein levels across the Avena, Aegilops, Brachypodium, Hordeum, Oryza, Sorghum, Secale, and Triticum taxa. In addition, the Vromindolines from cv. Hayden oat were isolated, cloned and sequenced. The paralogous Vromindolines Vin-1, Vin-2 and Vin-3 represent three of seven Indoline gene classes: Indoline a (Avenoindoline a, Hordoindoline a, Puroindoline a, and Secaloindoline a), Indoline b (Avenoindoline b, Hordoindoline b, Puroindoline b and Secaloindoline b), Indoline b2 (Puroindoline b2), Grain softness protein-1, and the three Vromindolines. Eight unique Vromindoline genes are present in A. sativa with two or three paralogs present in each sub-genome. The other known Indolines of oat are Avenoindoline a and b, and Grain softness protein-1. Based on these results and phylogenetic analysis, we suggest a system for the harmonization of the Indoline gene nomenclature. [Display omitted] •The Indolines are economically important as they control seed hardness in wheat and other cereals.•An in silico analysis of Indolines was performed at the nucleotide and protein levels across taxa.•The Vromindolines from cv. Hayden oat were isolated, cloned and sequenced.•Vromindolines represent three of seven Indoline gene classes.•A system for the harmonization of the Indoline gene nomenclature is suggested.