Stochastic optimal scheduling of demand response-enabled microgrids with renewable generations: An analytical-heuristic approach

In the context of transition towards cleaner and sustainable energy production, microgrids have become an effective way for tackling environmental pollution and energy crisis issues. With the increasing penetration of renewables, how to coordinate demand response and renewable generations is a critical and challenging issue in the field of microgrid scheduling. To this end, a bi-level scheduling model is put forward for isolated microgrids with consideration of multi-stakeholders in this paper, where the lower- and upper-level models respectively aim to the minimization of user cost and microgrid operational cost under real-time electricity pricing environments. In order to solve this model, this research combines Jaya algorithm and interior point method (IPM) to develop a hybrid analysis-heuristic solution method called Jaya-IPM, where the lower- and upper-levels are respectively addressed by the IPM and the Jaya, and the scheduling scheme is obtained via iterations between the two levels. After that, the real-time prices updated by the upper-level model and the electricity plans determined by the lower-level model will be alternately iterated between the upper- and lower-levels through the real-time pricing mechanism to obtain an optimal scheduling plan. The test results show that the proposed method can coordinate the uncertainty of renewable generations with demand response strategies, thereby achieving a balance between the interests of microgrid and users; and that by leveraging demand response, the flexibility of the load side can be fully exploited to achieve peak load shaving while maintaining the balance of supply and demand. In addition, the Jaya-IPM algorithm is proven to be superior to the traditional hybrid intelligent algorithm (HIA) and the CPLEX solver in terms of optimization results and calculation efficiency. Compared with the HIA and CPLEX, the proposed method improves the MG net revenue by 10.9% and 11.9%, and reduces the user cost by 6.1% and 7.7%; our approach decreases the calculation time by about 90% and 60%. •A bi-level stochastic programming-based microgrid scheduling model is formulated.•A real-time pricing mechanism is designed to regulate supply-demand relationships.•A hybrid analytic-heuristic solution algorithm, called Jaya-IPM, is developed.•Demand response and uncertain renewable generations can be coordinated.•Validity and superiority of the proposal are verified by a microgrid test system.