Correlation studies on geotechnical properties of various industrial byproducts generated from thermal power plants, iron and steel industries as liners in a landfill- a detailed review

The utilization of industrial byproducts in landfill liners has shown increasing interest and continuous awareness in meeting their regulatory standards (i.e. 1 × 10−7 cm/s, as per the United States Environmental Protection Agency) and often proved to be suitable as a liner material. This paper reviews the use and application of two largely produced industrial byproducts namely, thermal power stations (i.e. fly ash and bottom ash) and iron-steel industries (i.e. steel slag and blast furnace slag) as a liner in a landfill. A detailed and critical review of these byproducts with their experimental data on geotechnical properties such as index properties, compaction characteristics, compressive strength and hydraulic conductivity were presented. The aim of this paper is to provide geotechnical correlations on hydraulic conductivity with index properties, compaction characteristics and compressive strength of various industrial byproducts with soil types and additives were discussed. The presented correlations between hydraulic conductivity and other engineering properties will be helpful in determining the design parameters for landfill liner. From the set of resulted correlations, optimum percentage binders for each industrial byproduct are highlighted. Overall, these geotechnical correlations prove to be innovative which were obtained from experimental data will serve as a benchmark to validate the experimental results for various upcoming research works. [Display omitted] •Briefly reviewed on thermal and iron-steel industrial byproducts as a landfill liner.•Described the effectiveness of industrial byproducts on various soil mixtures.•Correlated index properties, compaction and strength with hydraulic conductivity.•From the correlated data, prediction of optimum percentage binders is highlighted.•Proposed datasets serves as benchmark and validate the upcoming research works.