Cover cropping enhances soil microbial biomass and affects microbial community structure: A meta-analysis

•Cover crops overall increased MBC, MBN and PLFA by 24–51% compared to fallow.•Cover crops favored growth of fungi more than bacteria.•Cover crop effect on microbial structure varied with species and residue management.•Cover crop effect on microbial properties varied with soil and climatic conditions.•Cover crops enhance biological soil health due to microbial community abundance. Cover crops have been increasingly grown for improving soil health and crop production and minimizing environmental impact compared to no cover crop. Systematic documentation of cover cropping effects on soil microbial abundance and community structure, however, is scarce. A meta-analysis including data from 81 available studies was conducted to elucidate the effect of “cover crop” versus “no cover crop” on soil microbial community abundance and structure. Microbial biomass C and N (MBC and MBN) and total phospholipid-derived fatty acids (PLFA) were taken as proxies for soil microbial abundance, and total fungi, total bacteria, gram-positive and -negative bacteria, actinomycete, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) for microbial community structure. Compared to no cover crop, cover crop overall enhanced PLFA, MBC, and MBN by 24, 40, and 51%, respectively. Soil total bacteria and total fungi, and the groups in them increased by 7–31% with cove crop compared to no cover crop. Fungi were affected more by cover crop than bacteria as indicated by the greater fungi/bacteria ratio. In depth categorical meta-analyses revealed that the legume and nonlegume cover crop mixture reduced MBC, PLFA, and actinomycete compared to legume or nonlegume cover crop alone. Legume cover crop enhanced actinomycete in comparison to nonlegume or the cover crop mixture. Incorporation of cover crop residue into the soil increased PLFA, total bacteria, AMF root colonization, and spore density, but decreased gram-positive and -negative bacteria and AMF compared to residue placed at the surface or removed from the soil. Microbial parameters due to cover crop compared to no cover crop were related to soil properties and annual precipitation. Medium-textured soils showed greater response of cover crop on PLFA, total bacteria and fungi, and actinomycete than fine- or coarse-textured soils. We conclude that cover crops enhance soil microbial community biomass and affected community structure compared to no cover crop and the responses of microbial parameters to cover crop varied with soil and climatic conditions