A comprehensive review of the use of traditional and emerging technologies for attenuation of probiotics strains

Attenuation is a technological approach employed to modulate the metabolism of probiotic strains. Traditional and emerging technologies employed under sublethal conditions can be useful for improving their functional properties without affecting cell viability. This review aims to comprehensively describe the different attenuation approaches from traditional methodologies and the use of emerging technologies (Ultrasound, High hydrostatic pressure, pulsed electric field, and ohmic heating) to modulate probiotic bacteria's metabolism and functional properties.