Mitigating the negative effect of warming on crop yield: Assessing the carbon fertilization and organic amendment application effect

Maintaining yield stability and food security are significant challenges of our time under a changing climate. Utilizing the carbon fertilization (CF, CO2 fertilization) effect or organic amendments (OA) application is a vital strategy for improving agricultural productivity in warming. However, there is much uncertainty about whether or how crop biomass accumulation and allocation respond to CF or OA applications under warming conditions. We present a meta-analysis of 828 observations from 88 studies worldwide. We explored single warming (W), warming plus carbon fertilization (WCF), and warming plus organic amendment (WOA) to crop biomass accumulation and allocation effect. Warming (from 0.4 °C to 6 °C) significantly decreases crop yield, total biomass, and harvest index by 9.74 %, 4.53 %, and 7.59 % on average, respectively. The CF was not sufficient to fully compensate for the negative effect of warming on crop yield (-2.50 %, p > 0.05). WOA significantly increased crop yield (4.98 %, p