Exploring long-term variety performance trials to improve environment-specific genotype × management recommendations: A case-study for winter wheat

•We used long-term wheat variety performance trials to evaluate G, E, and M effects.•Sub-region accounted for 46 % of the yield variability across all environments.•Management practices accounted for 44–77 % of yield variability within sub-regions.•Yield variability of 1–8 % was due to genotype within sub-regions.•Management practices and genotype traits improving yield varied by sub-region. The complex and interactive effects of genotype (G), environment (E), and management (M) can be a barrier to the development of sound agronomic recommendations. We hypothesize that long-term variety performance trials (VPT) can be used to understand these effects and improve regional recommendations. Our objective was to explore long-term VPT data to improve management and variety-selection recommendations using winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the U.S. central Great Plains as a case-study. Data of grain yield, variety, and trial management were collected from 748 wheat VPT conducted in the states of Colorado, Kansas, and Oklahoma over nineteen harvest years (2000–2018) and 92 locations, resulting in 97,996 yield observations. Using 30-yr cumulative annual precipitation and growing degrees days, we partitioned the study region into 11 contiguous sub-regions, which we refer to as growing adaptation regions (GAR). We used variance component analysis, gradient boosted trees, and conditional inference trees to explore the management and variety trait effects within each GAR. For the variety trait analysis, the VPT dataset was reduced to account for varieties for which 17 agronomic traits and 11 disease/insect reaction ratings were available (65,264 yield observations). GAR accounted for 46 % of the total variation in grain yield, M for 32 %, residuals (including interactions) for 13 %, year for 7 %, and G for 2 %. Conditional inference trees identified interactions among management practices and their effects on yield within each GAR. For instance, water regime was the most important practice influencing wheat yield in the semi-arid western portion of the study region, followed by sowing date and fungicide. In dryland trials, there was typically an interaction between fungicide, sowing date, and tillage system, depending on GAR. Other management practices (e.g. dual-purpose management, crop rotation, and tillage practice) also significantly affected yield, depending on GAR. The main variety trait associated with increased yields depended on region and management comb