Rescaling energy burden: Using household surveys to examine vulnerabilities and consequences in the Southeastern United States

A robust literature has emerged that describes the correlates and consequences of high energy burdens. However, limitations and gaps exist, particularly with respect to units and scales of analysis. We compile a unique combination of aggregate and survey data for Georgia, including a stratified on-line survey of 1800 adults and a co-created survey of 28 income- and/or energy-stressed Black households. The results indicate a systemic ~30 % under-estimation of Georgia's average energy burden when only aggregate data are used. We characterize the vulnerabilities, mediators, and consequences that commonly accompany high energy burdens, particularly when compounded by multiple vulnerabilities. Black, low-income female-headed households with children pay a particularly high percent of their income on energy. Energy burden vulnerabilities also correlate with low levels of adoption of heat pumps, LED lighting, smart thermostats, and solar systems – reinforcing evidence that participation in the clean energy transition is uneven. Multiple energy burden vulnerabilities also increase the potential for severe consequences such as home eviction, homelessness, the inability to pay child support, and job termination. Overall, we illustrate the value of multiple scales of analysis to estimate energy burdens, understand the role of mitigating measures, characterize consequences, and design effective policies. •Micro data analytics correct biases in aggregate analysis of energy burden.•Underestimation of energy burden due to ecological fallacy with aggregate data•Financial, health, & well-being consequences of living with multiple vulnerabilities•Feminization of energy poverty in low-income households with children•Low adoption of energy efficiency and rooftop solar by energy-burdened households