Arsenic contamination in abandoned and active gold mine spoils in Ghana: Geochemical fractionation, speciation, and assessment of the potential human health risk

This work aims to study the pseudo-total content, geochemical fractions, and species of arsenic (As) in the bulk soil and in the coarse and fine particles of top soil and soil profiles collected from active and abandoned gold mine spoils in Ghana. The human health risk for adults (male and female) and children has been assessed. To achieve our aims, we collected 51 samples, characterized them, determined the total As content, and sequentially extracted the geochemical fractions of As including water-soluble and un-specifically bound As (FI); specific-sorbed/exchangeable As (FII); poorly (FIII)- and well-crystalline (IV) Fe oxide; and residual/sulphide fraction (FV). In selected samples, As species were determined using synchrotron-based X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). Pseudo-total As contents varied from 1807 to 8400 mg kg−1, with the extremes occurring at the abandoned mine spoil. Arsenic was almost 10-fold higher in the fine particles (