Methodology for fast testing of carbon-based nanostructured 3D electrodes in vanadium redox flow battery

Progress in material chemistry is manifested daily by the variety of prepared functional materials, often with nanodimensional structuring. The electrodes for vanadium redox flow batteries have been shown to benefit from incorporating nanostructured materials such as carbon nanotubes. However, the methods of such incorporation are far from optimal, relying mainly on physical deposition or insertion into a binder. Here, we describe a technique for integrating carbon-based rod-like nanomaterials into a vanadium redox flow battery and a methodology for fast nanomaterial performance testing. The technique is based on creating a fixed nanomaterial bed sandwiched between two graphite felt electrodes, forming a 3D flow-through electrode in the battery. Performing various positive and negative control experiments, we show the beneficial effect of a nanostructured bed on the primary battery characteristics obtained from short-term electrochemical experiments. We characterize carbon nanotubes exhibiting promising electrochemical behavior in vanadium electrolytes, as observed in our previous study. The load curves obtained from charge-discharge steps at various current densities and electrolyte flow rates revealed considerable differences in the performance of the tested materials, with few-walled carbon nanotubes reaching unsurpassable characteristics. At room temperature, with 50 %-SOC-working solutions and the highest tested linear velocity of 14.6 cm/min, the evaluated power density for this material reached values above 500 mW/cm2. For comparison, thermally treated graphite felt, used as a benchmark material, provided a power density of around 300 mW/cm2 under identical conditions. Although developed for vanadium redox flow batteries, the method enables testing tube-like and rod-like (nano-)materials for flow electrochemical systems. [Display omitted]