Focal points for the development and operation of port community System–A case study of development history in Japan

This study identifies focal points for the successful development and operation of Port Community System (PCS). First, we conducted a literature review and present a comprehensive and systematic overview of the focal points. Second, as a case study, we analyzed the history of PCSs and their related systems in Japan, including an analysis of the systems that had been discontinued and the trend of integration. Consequently, we found some novel focal points that had been overlooked in existing research, such as the importance of avoiding the duplication of functionalities between PCSs and existing related systems and the difficulty in making users bear the cost burden of their own system's update for system linkage with a PCS before the utilization of the PCS is spread. Finally, we discuss the implications for certain focal points, such as the target PCS usage rate.