Moisture changes in Northeast China since the last deglaciation: Spatiotemporal out-of-phase patterns and possible forcing mechanisms

[Display omitted] •The moisture changes in NE China over the past 16,000 years show the spatiotemporal out-of-phase pattern.•The moisture in southern NE China and western China was mainly controlled by the East Asian summer monsoon.•The moisture in northern NE China was mainly controlled by the Westerlies during the late Holocene.•The moisture in eastern NE China was mainly controlled by the Northeast monsoon during the last deglaciation. There is a strong chance that the 21st century warming will cause differences in precipitation distribution over the globe. Northeast (NE) China is a unique area whose atmospheric circulation is still a controversial subject and is likely to be strongly impacted by global warming. Thus, a good understanding of the past variations in effective moisture in NE China will be benefit for the prediction of future hydrological changes. In this study, we use basal peat ages and published paleoclimate records to evaluate the spatial and temporal patterns and possible forcing mechanisms for the moisture changes in NE China over the past 16,000 years. Basal peat ages suggest that the moisture conditions in different regions of NE China show as a spatiotemporal out-phase pattern. In addition, the paleoclimate records of 17 sites also indicate that NE China experienced a spatiotemporal out-phase pattern of moisture changes along northwest-southeast direction since the last deglaciation. The moisture in southern NE China experienced increasing trend during the period of 16-8cal ka BP, with the maximum moisture occurring 8-3cal ka BP and decreasing trend after 3cal ka BP. The moisture pattern in western NE China is similar to that in southern NE China. It experienced increasing trend during the period of 16-8cal ka BP, the maximum moisture during the period 8-4cal ka BP and decreasing trend from 4cal ka BP to present. The moisture in eastern NE China experienced wet conditions from 16cal ka BP to 4cal ka BP, and decreasing trend after 4cal ka BP. In central NE China, two relatively wet periods occurred during the periods of 13-8cal ka BP and 6-3cal ka BP, respectively. In addition, two wet periods occurred during the periods of 14-11cal ka BP and 7-1cal ka BP in northern NE China, respectively. The moisture patterns between NE China and other regions of China are also compared in this study. We propose that the possible forcing mechanisms for the moisture changes in NE China were different for each 4000 year interval. During the period