Triple solutions for unsteady stagnation flow of tri-hybrid nanofluid with heat generation/absorption in a porous medium

The present theoretical study focuses on enhancing the performance and efficiency of casting and extrusion processes. Thus, this work examines the flow characteristics and heat transfer of unsteady tri-hybrid nanofluid flow in porous media while also considering the heat source/sink effect. The governing boundary layer equations are solved via a built-in collocation method available in MATLAB software. Three distinct numerical solutions which convey the fluid flow characteristics have been identified. Notably, nanofluid composition influences boundary layer separation, with tri-hybrid nanofluid showing enhanced heat transfer when the stretching/shrinking parameter exceeds −10.53. When the sheet shrunk at −10.8, ternary and hybrid nanofluids improved thermal efficiency by 15.22 % and 20.38 %, respectively, compared to mono nanofluids.