Social insect transcriptomics and the molecular basis of caste diversity

Studies of gene expression provide fundamentally important information on the molecular mechanisms underlying variation in phenotype. Recent technological advances have allowed for the robust study of gene expression through analysis of whole transcriptomes. Here, we review current advances in social insect transcriptomics and discuss their implications in understanding phenotypic diversity. Recent transcriptomic studies provide detailed inventories of the genes involved in producing distinct phenotypes in social species. These investigations have identified key genes and networks involved in producing distinct social insect castes. Nevertheless, questions concerning the evolution of gene expression patterns remain. We suggest a path forward for studying gene expression in future studies of biological systems. •Phenotypic diversity within species arises through variation in gene expression.•Technological advances have greatly advanced the study of gene expression in insects.•Social insect castes are models for studying phenotypic variation arising from differential gene expression.•Most genes involved in generating social insect caste differences affect metabolic pathways.•Future transcriptome studies will help address questions regarding gene expression patterns within and between species.