Measuring urban shrinkage in India using night-light data from DMSP-OLS and VIIRS-NPP satellite sensors

Urban shrinkage, an emerging phenomenon marked by a decline in city population, is experienced by both developed and developing countries. In Asia, India hosts a significant number of shrinking cities. Over traditional population measures, night-light data emerges as a great replacement for advanced measurement of socio-economic and demographic parameters without any constraint of time and administrative boundaries. This study aims to measure urban shrinkage in India using night-light data captured by DMSP/OLS and VIIRS satellite sensors, examine spatial patterns, and verify them using population-based estimates. Despite increased economic development and availability of electricity compared to 1990, there has been a reduction in night light reflection in many parts. The results show that 20 % of cities experienced urban shrinkage in India during 1992–2021. The shrinking cities cluster in eastern, southern, and northern zones, and the spatial pattern matches with population-based estimates. The paradox of urban shrinkage in India signals a need for the enhancement of urban policies and programs. Striving for balanced urban growth is crucial for fostering economic prosperity and reducing regional inequality. An inclusive development approach for all urban settlements may help address the premature issue of urban shrinkage in India and achieve sustainable development goals. •The global phenomenon of urban shrinkage has been prominent in urban India.•The trend in night-light growth has slowed down, and shrinking cities have emerged across the states in India from 1992 to 2021.•Overall, 20.6 % of urban centers experienced a high intensity of urban shrinkage during 1992–2021.•The Spatial pattern of SCII and AUSI highlights that shrinking cities were predominant in both advanced states and less developed states.•Night-light and population data revealed new shrinking urban centers in India, not captured by census data.