Blockchain-enhanced IoT ecosystem for healthcare: Transformative potentials, applications, challenges, solutions, and future perspectives

A new era of innovation has emerged, especially in the healthcare industry, by converging two revolutionary technologies: Blockchain Technology and the Internet of Things (IoT). Although recent generations of research have considered Blockchain a potential solution in heterogeneous healthcare IoT applications, integration, interoperability, consensus, scalability, performance, and intelligent contract design still need to be improved. It motivates this review to explore Blockchain and IoT’s transformative potential, real-world applications, challenges, solutions, and future reach in healthcare. This article discusses how Blockchain and IoT integration could improve healthcare data privacy, security, and interoperability. This study explores real-world applications, including administrative work streamlining, pharmaceutical supply chain management, remote patient monitoring, healthcare device tracking, drug traceability and healthcare record management. Furthermore, this study comprehensively overviews the significant challenges and alternative solutions for the Blockchain-enhanced IoT healthcare ecosystem. Finally, the study concludes with a comparative analysis and key findings, highlighting a roadmap for future research that emphasises overcoming these growing challenges and expanding the technologies to reach their full healthcare potential. •Survey on Blockchain technology enabled IoT based healthcare system.•Identifying issues and challenges of healthcare system.•Discuss the future directions and solutions of existing issues and challenges.