Selectivity evaluation of extraction systems

•Extraction phases compared for different sampling formats.•For aqueous samples selectivity is controlled by the properties of water.•For gas phase samples selectivity is controlled by sorbent properties.•For non-aqueous samples selectivity is controlled by the sample solvent or matrix. Extraction i...

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Veröffentlicht in:Journal of Chromatography A 2023-04, Vol.1695, p.463939, Article 463939
1. Verfasser: Poole, Colin F.
Format: Artikel
Sprache:eng
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Zusammenfassung:•Extraction phases compared for different sampling formats.•For aqueous samples selectivity is controlled by the properties of water.•For gas phase samples selectivity is controlled by sorbent properties.•For non-aqueous samples selectivity is controlled by the sample solvent or matrix. Extraction is the most common sample preparation technique prior to chromatographic analysis for samples which are too complex, too dilute, or contain matrix components incompatible with the further use of the separation system or interfere in the detection step. The most important extraction techniques are biphasic systems involving the transfer of target compounds from the sample to a different phase ideally accompanied by no more than a tolerable burden of co-extracted matrix compounds. The solvation parameter model affords a general framework to characterize biphasic extraction systems in terms of their relative capability for solute-phase intermolecular interactions (dispersion, dipole-type, hydrogen bonding) and within phase solvent-solvent interactions for cavity formation (cohesion). The approach is general and allows the comparison of liquid and solid extraction phases using the same terms and is used to explain the features important for the selective enrichment of target compounds by a specific extraction phase using solvent extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, and solid-phase extraction for samples in a gas, liquid, or solid phase. Hierarchical cluster analysis with the system constants of the solvation parameter model as variables facilitates the selection of solvents for extraction, the identification of liquid-liquid distribution systems with non-redundant selectivity, and evaluation of different approaches using liquids and solids for the isolation of target compounds from different matrices.
ISSN:0021-9673
1873-3778
DOI:10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463939