Helium-carbon systematics of groundwaters in the Lassen Peak Region

Carbon dioxide emissions from active subaerial volcanoes represent 20–50% of the annual global volcanic CO2 flux (Barry et al., 2014). Passive degassing of carbon from the flanks of volcanoes, and the associated accumulation of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) within nearby groundwater, also represents a potentially important, yet poorly constrained flux of carbon to the surface (Werner et al., 2019). Here we investigate sources and sinks of DIC in groundwaters in the Lassen Peak region of California. Specifically, we report and interpret the relative abundance and isotopic composition of helium (3He, 4He) and carbon (12C, 13C, 14C) in 37 groundwater samples, from 24 distinct wells, collected between 20 and 60 km from Lassen Peak. Measured groundwater samples have air-corrected 3He/4He values between 0.19 and 7.44 RA (where RA = air 3He/4He = 1.39 × 10−6), all in excess of the radiogenic production value (~0.05 RA), indicating pervasive mantle-derived helium additions to the groundwater system in the Lassen Peak region. Stable carbon isotope ratios of DIC (δ13C) vary between −12.6 and − 27.7‰ (vs. VPDB). Measured groundwater DIC/3He values fall in the range of 2.2 × 1010 to 1.1 × 1012. Using helium and carbon isotope data, we explore several conceptual models to estimate surface carbon contributions and to differentiate between DIC derived from soil CO2 versus DIC derived from external (slab and mantle) carbon sources. Specifically, if we use 14C to identify soil-derived DIC (assuming decadal-to-centennial groundwater ages and a soil CO214C activity equal to that of the atmosphere), we calculate that a hypothetical external carbon source would have an apparent δ13C signature between −10.3 and − 59.3‰ (vs. Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB)) and an apparent C/3He between 7.0 × 109 and 1.0 × 1012. These apparent δ13C and C/3He values are substantially isotopically lighter than and greater than canonical MORB values, respectively. We suggest that >95% of any external (non-soil-derived) DIC in groundwater must thus be non-mantle in origin (i.e., slab derived or assimilated organic carbon). We further investigate possible sources of external DIC to groundwater using two idealized conceptual approaches: a pure (unfractionated) source mixing model (after Sano and Marty, 1995) and a scenario that invokes fractionation due to calcite precipitation. Because the former model requires carbon contributions from an organic source component with unrealistically low δ13C (~