MnO2 and sonosensitizer-based nano-platforms for cancer sonodynamic therapy

Various structures including MnO2 nanoparticles, MnO2 nanospheres, MnO2 nanocrystals, MnO2 nanosheets, MnO2 nanorods, MnO2 hollow mesoporous, and MnO2 shells have been fabricated for effectively increase the productivity of singlet oxygen (1O2), thereby enhancing the killing effect on tumor cell. [Display omitted] •The process and mechanisms of tumor sonodynamic therapy (SDT) were introduced.•The applications of MnO2 and MnO2-based sonosensitizers in SDT were summarized.•The advantages and different forms of MnO2-based sonosensitizers were elaborated.•MnO2-based sonosensitizers enhance tumor immunotherapy during SDT process.•MnO2-based sonosensitizers have potential to inhibit tumor metastasis. Due to the unique advantages, sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has been increasingly used in cancer treatment. Manganese dioxide (MnO2) has gained widespread use as a specialized carrier for sonosensitizers, with additional applications in oxygen supply and imaging, MnO2 and sonosensitizer-based SDT is an emerging and promising approach in the field of cancer treatment. However, MnO2 and sonosensitizer-based SDT has rarely been comprehensively reviewed. This article provides a brief overview of the MnO2-based nano-platforms in sonodynamic therapy for cancer, introducing their potential applications and exploring new strategies, while providing insights into the principles underlying SDT, the application of MnO2, the roles of sonosensitizers, and the design of nano-platforms to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Given that the selection and design of sonosensitizers are underscored for their critical role in treatment, the design and application of nanoplatforms, which integrate MnO2 and sonosensitizers to optimize SDT’s effectiveness are also explored. Moreover, a comprehensive examination of experimental and animal studies validating the efficacy of MnO2 and sonosensitizer nano-platforms is conducted, highlighting the progress made in preclinical research.