A review on laser-induced graphene in flexible energy storage: From materials selection to biomedical applications

This review highlights the potential of laser-induced graphene (LIG) as a flexible energy storage electrode for biomedical devices, including wearables and implants. It begins with an overview of battery technology, ranging from Ni-based and Li-based to Zn-based systems, and then delves into the processes and properties of LIG. The review explores the applications of LIG in biomedical devices, with a particular focus on drug delivery, implants, and wearables. Additionally, it addresses key challenges such as scalability, technical integration, and regulatory compliance, while emphasizing the potential of LIG in self-powered devices utilizing solar energy, RF waves, and other renewable sources. [Display omitted] •This review highlights LIG as a versatile energy storage in biomedical devices.•This work explores LIG’s potential as universal material for end-user applications.•This review covers the scaling, integration, and regulatory challenges of LIG.•LIG shows next-gen self-charging systems for transformative impact on healthcare. Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has emerged as a promising alternative to reduced graphene oxide (rGO), significantly impacting biomedical engineering, particularly in energy storage for medical devices. While existing reviews primarily focus on LIG properties and sensor applications, this review examines LIG’s potential as a flexible energy storage electrode for biomedical devices such as wearables and implants. This paper explores LIG from its accidental discovery to its current applications, highlighting its potential for end-user applications. It begins with a historical overview and discusses the challenges frequently faced in energy storage for biomedical applications, emphasizing the need for efficient, reliable solutions and the demand for miniaturized, flexible products. The review delves into the science of LIG, including its unique production methods and material properties, and compares it with traditional graphene, providing a competitive analysis. It then examines how LIG can be used as an electrode material in energy storage devices for wearables, implants, and drug delivery systems. Additionally, the transformative impact of LIG on drug efficacy, device performance, patient safety, and treatment outcomes are discussed. The paper also addresses the challenges of scaling up production, technical integration, and navigating the regulatory landscape. With its promising properties and performance, LIG shows potential as a