High-yield and high-throughput delamination of multilayer MXene via high-pressure homogenization

[Display omitted] Schematics of multilayer and delaminated MXene under shear. •MXenes can be delaminated at scale with high-pressure homogenization.•The process is high throughput and high yield.•Little to no hazardous waste is produced.•The process produces application ready MXenes.•Applications include energy storage and antimicrobial coatings. Two-dimensional (2D) MXenes are a large family of materials with unique properties and numerous potential applications. They are typically produced by selective chemical etching of MAX phase precursors, which is a top-down approach allowing for scalable manufacturing. Multilayer MXenes are then further processed by chemical intercalation and delamination to produce a stable dispersion of 2D flakes in water. The current process of delamination requires multiple time-, energy-, and waste-intensive steps and still fails to delaminate some MXenes. Herein, we demonstrate a method of high-energy delamination called high-pressure homogenization (HPH) that combines high shear, cavitation forces, and impact forces to delaminate MXene without any post-process refinement steps or chemical intercalants. HPH-delaminated MXene can be made at scale with high throughput and yield with virtually no waste. We demonstrate the viability of this process by fabricating free-standing films with the material for use as electrodes for energy storage and as an effective antimicrobial coating where any residual lithium is undesirable. HPH-MXene electrodes demonstrated comparable capacitance to that of lithium-delaminated films with better rate capability. HPH-MXene films proved effective as antimicrobial coatings with over a two-log reduction in pathogenic microbes without the concern of chemical leaching by the coating. We anticipate that this method will decrease the cost of MXene manufacturing and be applicable to a variety MXenes, including those that cannot be currently delaminated via intercalation.