Synthesis, characterization and properties of amphoteric heat-resistant explosive materials: Fused [1,2,5]oxadiazolo [3′,4′:5,6]pyrido[4,3-d][1,2,3]triazines

[Display omitted] •The tricyclic triazine oxide was synthesized as the first fused amphoteric energetic molecule.•These compounds exhibited high decomposition temperatures (310–344 °C).•All the non-metallic compounds have better detonation properties than HNS and PYX and low sensitivities.•The perchlorate salt is a potential candidate for heat-resistant explosive. Fused cyclic energetic compounds are a unique class of large conjugated structures containing two or more rings, and have been identified as promising competitors for traditional energetic materials. In the present work, we investigated 5-amino-6-oxo-4,6-dihydro-[1,2,5]oxadiazolo[3′,4′:5,6]pyrido[4,3-d][1,2,3]triazine 8-oxide (3) in detail as a fused amphoteric energetic molecule that can be protonated and deprotonated by acids and bases to obtain its cationic (11–13) and anionic (4–10) salts. All the new compounds were thoroughly characterized by infrared and multinuclear NMR (1H and 13C) spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The structural features of 3–6, 9, 10, 12, and 13 were investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffractions and different theoretical techniques (Hirshfeld surfaces analyses, and noncovalent interactions). The aromaticity of compound 3 was studied via localized orbital locator-π and iso-chemical shielding surfaces (ICSS). Their thermal decomposition temperatures were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry to be 310–344 °C (onset). In addition, impact and friction tests revealed that these compounds were insensitive. Densities, heats of formation and detonation properties were measured by a gas pycnometer, calculated using the Born-Haber energy cycle and EXPLO5 v6.05.04 program, respectively. The neutral compound 3 and all its non-metallic salts have better detonation properties than HNS and PYX and lower sensitivities. In particular, salt 11 (N + O: 61.74 %, Td: 330 °C, ΔHf: 1.68 kJ g−1, D: 8.795 km s−1, P: 36.0 GPa, IS: > 40 J, FS: > 360 N) is a potential candidate for heat-resistant explosives.