Climate-vegetation-erosion interactions revealed by the sediments of Huguangyan Maar Lake, southern China

•The main source of the Huguangyan Maar Lake (HML) sediments is further confirmed.•The factors affecting the long-term dynamic changes of soil erosion in HML watershed were discussed.•The factors affecting soil erosion in different periods in the HML catchment are different. Soil erosion is a serious environmental problem in the red soil region of southern China, yet little is known about the factors responsible and their specific effects on long-term soil erosion dynamics in this region. We addressed this issue via a study of the sediments of Huguangyan Maar Lake (HML), a crater lake in southern China. Our results confirm that the sediments in HML are mainly derived from the erosional input of weathering products of wall rocks, via catchment runoff. Having established the provenance of the HML sediments, the sediment accumulation rate, mass accumulation rate, and geochemical element fluxes were used to reconstruct soil erosion processes in the HML catchment over the past ∼1400 years. The potential drivers of soil erosion were explored, and regional comparisons were made to evaluate the representativeness of this study. The results show that: 1) Higher precipitation before ∼830 CE, coupled with a lower level of human activity, promoted increased vegetation coverage which reduced the rate of soil erosion. 2) Lower precipitation during 830 CE–1390 CE reduced the rate of soil loss. 3) Abundant precipitation was the main cause of the more intense soil erosion during 1390 CE–1878 CE, which may have been exacerbated by the reduced vegetation cover caused by intensive human activity. 4) During 1878 CE–2019 CE, the vegetation cover gradually recovered under the combined effects of vegetation restoration and higher precipitation, which reduced the rate of soil erosion within the HML catchment. Compared to the Chinese Loess Plateau, the erosion level in the HML catchment was relatively low during the period of intensive human activities. Overall, our results contribute to an improving understanding of the driving mechanisms of soil erosion, and they provide a guide for soil conservation measures in southern China.