Choreographing multi-degree of freedom behaviors in large-scale crowd simulations

This study introduces a novel framework for choreographing multi-degree of freedom (MDoF) behaviors in large-scale crowd simulations. The framework integrates multi-objective optimization with spatio-temporal ordering to effectively generate and control diverse MDoF crowd behavior states. We propose a set of evaluation criteria for assessing the aesthetic quality of crowd states and employ multi-objective optimization to produce crowd states that meet these criteria. Additionally, we introduce time offset functions and interpolation progress functions to perform complex and diversified behavior state interpolations. Furthermore, we designed a user-centric interaction module that allows for intuitive and flexible adjustments of crowd behavior states through sketching, spline curves, and other interactive means. Qualitative tests and quantitative experiments on the evaluation criteria demonstrate the effectiveness of this method in generating and controlling MDoF behaviors in crowds. Finally, case studies, including real-world applications in the Opening Ceremony of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics, validate the practicality and adaptability of this approach. •Advanced MDoF modeling for enhanced crowd behavior simulation.•Combines optimization with spatio-temporal ordering for diverse behaviors.•Introduces innovative time offset and interpolation control functions.•Interactive tools for user-defined crowd behavior customization.•Proven effectiveness in real-world Olympic performance applications. [Display omitted]