Current strategies in inhibiting biofilm formation for combating urinary tract infections: Special focus on peptides, nano-particles and phytochemicals

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections in humans, which are gradually becoming resistant to currently available therapies. Bacterial biofilms, an aggregate of microorganisms, are mainly responsible for persistent infections leading to recurrences and increased tolerances to major drug treatment. Bacterial biofilm formed on medical devices such as urinary catheters cause severe problems for patients and affects the implants' function. UTI associated with microbial biofilms developed on catheters in hospitalized patients is the most common. Thus, an urgent need for novel approaches and strategies for using an anti-microbial agent to inhibit biofilm formation is highly required. In this review, we have briefly discussed the different therapeutic techniques that are currently available potential strategies to inhibit biofilm formation to prevent UTI. The use of peptides, phytochemicals, and different nanoparticles against biofilm-forming pathogenic microorganisms of UTI is discussed. In addition, we have discussed their promising and potential impact in near future therapy.