The association between physical trauma and autoimmune articular and dermatological disorders

This review investigates the association between physical trauma and the onset and progression of various inflammatory diseases, including psoriatic arthritis (PsA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), spondyloarthropathies (SpA), and Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF). In addition, we will refer to the linkage between physical injury and skin manifestations in patients with psoriasis, sarcoidosis and systemic sclerosis. The aim is to summarize the current evidence and explore the potential mechanisms through which trauma may affect these conditions. A detailed literature review was conducted, focusing on studies linking physical trauma with the development of psoriasis, SpA, PsA, RA, FMF, systemic sclerosis and sarcoidosis. The review includes observational data, case reports, and experimental studies that highlight the impact of trauma on disease initiation and exacerbation. Physical trauma is implicated in the pathogenesis of several dermatological and rheumatological conditions. Biomechanical stress and microdamage at entheses contribute to the development of SpA. In PsA, trauma is associated with the onset of enthesitis and arthritis, supported by increased prevalence in affected patients and is often regarded as “deep Koebner phenomenon”. The Koebner phenomenon links skin trauma with psoriasis, where new lesions appear at injury sites. RA shows a notable association with physical trauma, with retrospective studies suggesting that trauma can trigger disease onset, although the exact mechanisms remain unclear. The concept of the synovio-entheseal complex is discussed in order to elucidate how mechanical stress and immune responses interplay in SpA. Physical exertion or injury might precipitate FMF attacks, though existing data remain limited. Sarcoidosis has been linked to tattoo-related trauma, suggesting a potential role of localized injury in sarcoid-like reactions. Several case reports describe the occurrence of dermatologic manifestations of scleroderma, including morphea in patients with localized disease and perifollicular hypopigmentation in patients with systemic sclerosis. This review consolidates current evidence on the relationship between physical trauma and various inflammatory conditions, emphasizing the need for further research to fully understand these connections. These findings highlight the importance of considering trauma in the clinical management of these diseases and suggest avenues for future investigation.