Nanoparticle exposure due to pyrotechnics during a football match

Use of pyrotechnic articles is a common, though forbidden practice at football matches. While the fans, especially the members of the ultras groups, view pyrotechnic displays as a part of their culture, these devices can be dangerous for the public. In addition to the risks of burning, hand flares and similar items release toxic combustion by-products, including particulate matter – inhaling of which is harmful both for the spectators and players. In order to assess the amounts and composition of the aerosol particles released at a typical event, we performed a study using both a scanning mobility particle sizer and a low-pressure cascade impactor. The number concentration of nanoparticles was clearly correlated with the burning events. Several elements were identified in the collected samples, including heavy metals, while the majority of the sample consisted of amorphous carbon. The nanoparticle number concentration increased up to 12-fold immediately after the beginning of the flares burning, with the largest contribution of particles 155 nm in diameter. The cumulative dose the players inhaled during the match was around 7 × 108 particles/kg, which is 300% higher than the dose one would get in a low-pollution environment. We discuss the results in view of similar pyrotechnical events, especially fireworks. [Display omitted] •The use of pyrotechnics at sport events poses harm to the audience and athletes.•The use of pyrotechnics resulted in a release of large amounts of nanoparticles.•Heavy metals such as Cu, Sr, and Ba were detected.•The total concentration increased up to 1200% during the pyrotechnic event.•Athletes were more exposed due to their higher respiration rate.