The effects of a combination of maize/peanut intercropping and residue return on soil microbial nutrient limitation in maize fields

Maize-leguminous intercropping (IN) and residue retention (RR) have been widely adopted to mitigate the negative effects of intensive agriculture on soil health. These practices can affect soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) cycles and their stoichiometric characteristics. However, the changes in soil fertility and microbial nutrient limitation under long-term IN and RR combined measures remain unclear. We investigated the covariance of soil-microbial-extracellular enzyme C, N, and P stoichiometric characteristics in maize fields based on a six-year maize/peanut IN system in northeast China. In addition, the energy (C) and nutrient (N, P) limitation of soil microorganisms was analyzed using the soil extracellular enzyme vector model. The results showed that (i). IN increased the SOC significantly. IN and RR increased the total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) contents. Furthermore, the combined measures of both IN and RR were more effective in improving soil nutrient contents than single measures. RR significantly reduced the soil C:P and N:P ratios, while IN had no significant effect on these ratios. (ii). IN exerted a significant positive effect on the contents of microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), and microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP). Concurrently, it led to a significant reduction in the ratios of MBC:MBN and MBC:MBP. In contrast, RR induced a significant increase in the content of MBN and the ratio of MBC:MBN, while significantly decreasing the ratio of MBN:MBP. (iii) IN significantly increased the activities of β-1,4-glucosidase (BG), β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) + leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), and alkaline phosphatase (AP), while RR only significantly raised the activity of BG. Moreover, significant interaction effects were observed between IN and RR with respect to the activities of BG, NAG + LAP, and AP. Additionally, both IN and RR significantly increased the ratios of BG:(NAG + LAP) and BG:AP, with significant interaction effects also being noted for these ratios. (iv) Soil microorganisms in the study area were jointly limited by C and N. Microbial N limitation was closely related to TC and TP as well as MBN and MBP. IN, RR, and their combined application improved soil nutrient, MBN, and MBP contents, thereby enhancing the availability of N elements and thus alleviating the microbial N limitation to a certain extent. In conclusion, in the black soil area of Northeast China, the combine