Estimation of human airway deposition of size-segregated particulate and their health impact in monsoon and post-monsoon season in semi-urban area of northern India

Numerous studies have shown the negative association between Particulate Matter (PM) exposure and health impact, understanding this risks associated with PM exposure for generating appropriate risk-control strategies, an accurate evaluation of PM concentration and respiratory deposition is necessary. So, the present study aims to describe the temporal and diurnal variation of Particulate Matter and Black Carbon concentrations, as well as their health risks. Real-time monitoring of PM and BC was conducted near a national highway (NH-19) in the semi-urban area. Our findings indicated that the washout effect played its role in reducing the PM level in monsoon season while meteorological parameters, local anthropogenic activities, and stubble-burning influenced the high PM concentration in the post-monsoon season. The current study also estimates the particle deposition in the human respiratory tract using Multiple Path Dosimetry Model (MPPD) for understanding the health effects of particle inhalation. The results revealed that different seasons exhibit different deposition patterns. For example, during the monsoon season, the trend was PM10>PM2.5>PM1.0 while in post-monsoon season PM2.5 >PM10 > PM1.0 respectively. The findings indicate that small particles easily deposited deeper into the lungs have a significant impact on various age groups, particularly children, who are the most affected. Furthermore, the health risks of PM and BC exceeded the safer limit (HQ = 1) and ELCR≥10−6, suggesting prolonged inhalation exposure to particulate could lead to cancer. The present study will give an insight into designing interventions and policies to control PM pollution in smaller cities, where a significant portion of the population resides. •Sampling in semi-urban site where most of the population is agrarian.•PM values were higher in post-monsoon as compared to monsoon season.•Black carbon was dominated at residential site than traffic site.•Fine PM had the highest deposition in TB and pulmonary regions.•Children (3 y to 9 y) were the most affected group by pulmonary problems.