Effects of changing milking and feeding times on the behaviour, body temperature, respiration rate and milk production of dairy cows on pasture

Management strategies to reduce heat stress are needed, especially when there is no or little shade in pasture-based dairy systems. We investigated management practices used to reduce heat load in summer: milking later when it is cooler, feeding later, and milking only in the morning. Fifteen groups (n = 4 pregnant Friesian-cross cows/group) were managed on pasture and milked at 0700 h followed by a new pasture allocation including silage and one of five afternoon/evening treatments (n = 3 groups/treatment): 1) Late milking (1935 h)/early feed (1630 h), 2) Late milking (1935 h)/late feed (2015 h), 3) Early milking (1550 h)/early feed (1630 h, control), 4) Early milking (1550 h)/late feed (2015 h), 5) Once-a-day milking (OAD): cows were milked only in the morning and provided feed at 1630 h. Lying, grazing and ruminating were recorded using validated accelerometers over 25 d (mean temperature: 19 °C, range: 5–32 °C). Body temperature (BT) was recorded using vaginal temperature loggers and respiration rate (RR) was recorded manually. Individual milk production and water intake (group level) were recorded daily. Data were analysed using linear mixed models with group as the experimental unit (n = 3/treatment). There was no evidence of an overall treatment effect at the 5% significance level for grazing, ruminating, lying time, BT or RR, however, the diurnal pattern varied among treatments (grazing, ruminating, lying, BT: P