Analyzing complexities of integrating Renewable Energy Sources into Smart Grid: A comprehensive review

In modern cities and nations, Smart Grids (SGs) must include Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) to enhance energy efficiency and promote sustainability. Battery-included RESs play an important role in storing surplus energy and injecting it into the grid as needed, enabling better management of electricity consumption. However, as the adoption of RESs in SGs increases, the potential for cyber-attacks, posing significant threats to economic stability, security, and even lives, also grows. Wireless information sharing between agents in SGs increases the risk of these cyber threats, making extensive research necessary to fortify the cybersecurity defenses of RESs within the SG systems. In this paper, the SG’s concepts, infrastructure, and communication technologies are briefly reviewed, and the related challenges — of employing RESs in SGs are thoroughly analyzed. Furthermore, the paper provides a concise analysis of cybersecurity’s critical role in safeguarding the uninterrupted operation of the RES systems against potential cyber threats. By focusing on the integration of RESs into SGs, this study aims to equip emerging researchers with a comprehensive understanding of the realm of RESs. Additionally, it offers recommendations for future research directions, enabling the development of innovative solutions that can enhance the security and reliability of RESs within SG infrastructures. •Renewable energy reduces dependence on fossil fuels.•Renewable energy improves power system reliability and stability.•A smart grid enhances energy use and manages renewable energy sources.•Integrating renewable energy into the smart grid faces key challenges.•Mitigating these challenges enables a more sustainable and efficient energy future.